The modern cycling shoe is packed with technology, but fit, support, and comfort remain more important than sole stiffness or the efficiency of the closure mechanism

The shoe plays a critical role as biomechanical interface between bicycle and rider

Cycling shoes were originally developed from moulds ('lasts') for gentleman's dress shoes, and the very narrow silhouette remains, despite changes in manufacture

A shoe that offers a difference in the height of the heel and forefoot can place the foot in a 'planterflex' position, similar to that attained from starting by track sprinters like Usain Bolt

A worn and trusted pair of shoes can be comfortable, but if the structure of the upper is worn, they will no longer provide the necessary foot control

Different closure mechanisms offer different advantages, both for comfort and use. A BOA system may be the latest, but a lace, Velcro, or ratchet mechanism may be more suitable. pic: Paul Hayes-Watkins

Orthotics or insoles/footbeds can help to provide support to the arch of the foot

More expensive shoes offer heat mouldable carbon soles, but it's important to understand the purpose of moulding to avoid mirroring imperfections in the feet

Carbon soles are now de rigeur on high-end road shoes, but, like frames, different brands offer different levels of compliance and rigidity

The importance of cleat position can not be over-stated